[OPE-L:2198] Re: Re: Re: Re: socialism in a single moon?

[Steve Keen <s.keen@xxxxxxxxxx>]

Hi Jurriaan,

With reference to your questions:

>I have not studied this argument by Kornai - where does he make it ?

The references I have in my database are:

Kornai, J., 1985, Contradictions and Dilemmas, Corvina Kiado,
1980, Economics of Shortage, North Holland Amsterdam
1990 Vision and reality, market and state, Routledge, New York

However that's only the tip of the iceberg of the work he did on the
subject. I decided to search Econlit for the whole kaboodle, and found out
in the process that he has recently died. Partly in tribute to a
significant progressive intellectual, I have reproduced all his references
on this topic at the bottom of this message. The key early papers were
written as long ago as 1976.

>Innovation is a big subject I suppose, and we should get down to specifics.
>I would argue that some types of "innovation" are simply not desirable to
>have in a socialist economy. That is to say, "last years model" may be
>perfectly okay to use this year, and the next. Do we really need e.g. 50
>different kinds of washing powder or 500 different types of cars ? Would it
>not suffice and be more efficient to produce maybe 10 types of good
>reliable washing powders and 100 types of cars of really good quality ? I
>am referring here to senseless product differentiation by the "de facto"
>mechanisms of a capitalist economy which masquerades as "innovation"
>(clothing would perhaps be a different story).

In general, no argument--but there is the issue on which the Austrians
focus that a lot of this is similar to the process of evolution, in which
numerous "random" variations are thrown up and environmental selection
chooses the most well adapted. Of course, there are problems in market
evolution which don't occur as markedly "in the wild"--such as the ability
of the producers of some products to stifle new competitors (the internal
combustion engine versus numerous alternatives). The waste involved is also
substantial (though some is necessary), and the environment is neither
autonomous nor benign. A far better society could be envisaged in which
innovation was encouraged. But Kornai's well-made point is that, without
specific mechanisms to foster innovation, this will tend to be suppressed
in a socialist economy.

<snip>
>A long time ago Ernest Mandel gave some reasons for caution
>in extrapolating general theories from the concrete attempts to build
>socialism:

True. We need at least two research programs: one to point out the ways in
which the failures of previous socialist societies were a product of key
individuals and historical circumstances, and one also to explore whether
there are any general tendencies in such societies which could also explain
what happened, without recourse to historical events. Kornai's work was
devoted to the latter endeavour, and it shouldn't be let to die with him.

The references, with abstracts where they exist (not written by me!), are:

<1>
Accession Number
  0470695
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Place of the Soft Budget Constraint Syndrome in Economic Theory.
Source
  Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 26 (1). p 11-17. March 1998.
Abstract
  The concept of the budget constraint, previously applied mainly to household
  decisions, was extended to enterprises and other organizations initially by
  Kornai for socialist economies. The more general phenomenon
  usually includes rent seeking although not all rent-seeking behavior is
  associated with a soft budget constraint (SBC). Rather, SBC analysis is a
  theory of exit, or more precisely, of the demise of organizations. Moreover,
  the syndrome cannot be treated as a special case of the theory of regulation
  because not all price regulation softens the budget constraint. The SBC can
  emerge in nonregulated spheres, especially when financial interactions take
  place in vertical relationships between superiors and subordinates rather
  than in horizontal market conditions.  (c) 1998 Academic Press


<2>
Accession Number
  0469862
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Struggle and hope:  Essays on stabilization and reform in a post-socialist
  economy.
Source
  Studies in Comparative Economic Systems.  Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton,
  Mass.:  Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution
  Corporation, Williston, Vt. p xiv, 290. 1997.
Abstract
  Eight previously published papers, which first appeared between 1994 and
  1996, analyze Hungary's economic situation and present ideas relevant to the
  problems of the postsocialist region as a whole. Papers focus on eliminating
  the shortage economy; macroeconomic tensions and government economic policy
  in Hungary; an interview of Janos Kornai by
  Laszlo Zsolt Szabo on the stabilization program; an analysis of Hungary's
  stabilization program; Hungarian development and macrostabilization in a
  political-economy perspective; adjustment without recession; an interview of
  Kornai by Mihaly Laki on social issues; and the reform of
  the welfare system. Kornai is Allie S. Freed Professor of
  Economics at Harvard University and Permanent Fellow at the Institute for
  Advanced Study, Collegium Budapest.  Name and subject indexes.


<3>
Accession Number
  0450032
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
  The evolutionary transition to capitalism. Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed.,
  Boulder and Oxford:  Westview Press. p 31-56. 1995.


<4>
Accession Number
  0448425
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Postsocialist Transition: An Overall Survey.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 209-28. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.


<5>
Accession Number
  0448424
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Transformational Recession: A General Phenomenon Examined through the
Example
  of Hungary's Development.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 161-208. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.


<6>
Accession Number
  0448423
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Evolution of Financial Discipline under the Postsocialist System.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 141-60. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.


<7>
Accession Number
  0448422
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Postsocialist Transition and the State: Reflections in the Light of
  Hungarian Fiscal Problems.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 107-39. 1995. Previously Published: 1992.


<8>
Accession Number
  0448421
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 79-106. 1995. Previously Published: 1992.


<9>
Accession Number
  0448420
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Soviet Union's Road to a Free Economy: Comments of an Outside Observer.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 57-78. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.


<10>
Accession Number
  0448419
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Affinity between Ownership Forms and Coordination Mechanisms.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 35-56. 1995. Previously Published: 1990.


<11>
Accession Number
  0448418
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Market Socialism Revisited.
Source
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
  Kornai, Janos, Cambridge and London:  MIT
  Press. p 1-34. 1995. Previously Published: 1993.


<12>
Accession Number
  0445332
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Macropolicies in Transition to a Market Economy: A Three-Year Perspective:
  Comment.
Source
  Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics,
  1994. Bruno, Michael  Pleskovic, Boris, eds., Supplement to The World Bank
  Economic Review and The World Bank Research Observer.  Washington, D.C.:
  World Bank. p 49-52. 1995.


<13>
Accession Number
  0437644
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Dilemmas of Hungarian Economic Policy.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 47 (3-4). p 227-48. 1995.
Abstract
  The article examines the dilemmas of the Hungarian economic policy, placing
  it into a wider economic perspective and setting out from the measures
  prescribed stabilization program. The author analyses the interrelations
  among the three gravely distressing tasks of the post-socialist transition:
  improvement of the external balances and domestic financial equilibrium, and
  creation of the conditions of sustainable growth. For the moment, a well
  perceptible improvement of the external equilibrium is the most urgent task;
  the short-term measures have to serve first of all this purpose.
  Unfortunately, the package of short-term measures has not yet been embedded
  into a convincing medium and 1ong-term reform program. Finally, the article
  analyses the political conditions of economic stabilization and emphasizes
  the importance of joining the social forces and of self-restraint.


<14>
Accession Number
  0434924
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Editorial:  Reforming the Welfare State in Postsocialist Societies.
Source
  World Development. Vol. 25 (8). p 1183-86. August 1997.
Abstract
  The communist system led to a "premature welfare state," with universal
  entitlements out of all proportion to the country's resources and the fiscal
  capacity of the state. Many citizens suffer heavy losses when the
proportions
  are restored. Great progress has been made with the postsocialist
  transformation in several fields, but reform of the welfare sector has
lagged
  behind--dominant state ownership, bureaucratic centralization and a lack of
  competition remain. There are a number of obstacles in the path of reform.
  Citizens are unclear about the tax burden imposed by state welfare services.
  Damage can be done by populist politicians, who make irresponsible promises
  to raise welfare spending while concurrently cutting taxation. Economists
  have a duty to make a sober appraisal of the situation and present realistic
  alternatives.


<15>
Accession Number
  0425721
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Reform of the Welfare State and Public Opinion.
Source
  American Economic Review. Vol. 87 (2). p 339-43. May 1997.


<16>
Accession Number
  0413854
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Growth and Macroeconomic Disequilibria in Hungary.
Source
  Academia Economic Papers. Vol. 24 (1). p 1-44. March 1996.


<17>
Accession Number
  0413833
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Transformational Recession:  The Hungarian Example.
Source
  Academia Economic Papers. Vol. 23 (1). p 1-55. March 1995.


<18>
Accession Number
  0422374
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Hardening of the Budget Constraint under the Postsocialist System.
Source
  Japan & the World Economy. Vol. 8 (2). p 135-51. June 1996.
Abstract
  The article examines how postsocialist society, which has been accustomed to
  a soft budget constraint, can learn the financial discipline characteristic
  of a market economy. Before there can be financial discipline, a new kind of
  long-term "insurance contract" typical of a market economy must emerge
  between the state and the firms. The prerequisite for this is the commitment
  and credibility of the state, which can only play its part of an
"insurer" on
  exceptional occasions and under clearly defined conditions. The new private
  firms must be imbued with the demand for financial discipline from the
moment
  they are founded: an alteration in the behavior of state-owned
enterprises is
  also possible, but not certain. Hungary has moved in the direction of the
new
  insurance contract, but practical experience suggests that it will be a long
  time before observance of financial discipline becomes incorporated into
  enterprise behavior.  Both the state and the firms are under a big
temptation
  to revert to their habitual behavior. Meanwhile the imposition of financial
  discipline poses the bitter dilemma of efficiency versus security.  Should
  the detrimental consequences of tough financial discipline (economic
  recession, unemployment) imperil the institutions of democracy, the author
  would recommend a more cautious advance towards reinforcing financial
  discipline.


<19>
Accession Number
  0377164
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Eliminating the Shortage Economy: A General Analysis and Examination of the
  Developments in Hungary: Part 2.
Source
  Economics of Transition. Vol. 3 (2). p 149-68. June 1995.


<20>
Accession Number
  0392577
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Lasting Growth as the Top Priority:  Macroeconomic Tensions and Government
  Economic Policy in Hungary.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 47 (1-2). p 1-37. 1995.
Abstract
  This study looks at the problems of five macroeconomic tensions: inflation,
  unemployment, the budget deficit, the balance-of-payments deficit, and the
  decline in production. Although it is quite lengthy, it still does not offer
  a full picture, since it does not address a number of important issues
(among
  others, the question of monetary policy).  Analysing these five
macroeconomic
  tensions provides a chance for me to comment on the government's economic
  policy. Wherever an economist goes these days, whether in private company or
  to a professional discussion, the question is levelled: does he or she agree
  with the government's "economic policy package"? I cannot reply to this
  question with a categorical yes or no. Readers will come to realize during
  the detailed analysis where I consider the announced economic policy
correct,
  and where I have reservations, concerns or objections.


<21>
Accession Number
  0345219
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Transformational Recession:  The Main Causes.
Source
  Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 19 (1). p 39-63. August 1994.


<22>
Accession Number
  0353605
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Highways and byways:  Studies on reform and post-communist transition.
Source
  Cambridge and London:  MIT Press. p xv, 241. 1995.
Abstract
  Eight previously published essays, written since 1989 and originally
  presented as lectures, focus on the search by Hungary and the rest of
Eastern
  Europe for a new road to development. Essays discuss market socialism
  revisited; the affinity between ownership forms and coordination mechanisms;
  the Soviet Union's road to a free economy; the principles of
privatization in
  Eastern Europe; reflections on the postsocialist transition and the state in
  the light of Hungarian fiscal problems; the evolution of financial
discipline
  under the postsocialist system; the general phenomenon of transformational
  recession examined through the example of Hungary's development; and an
  overall survey of the postsocialist transition. Kornai is
  Professor of Economics at Harvard University and Permanent Fellow at the
  Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study. Subject and author
indexes.


<23>
Accession Number
  0362233
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Eliminating the Shortage Economy:  A General Analysis and Examination of the
  Developments in Hungary.
Source
  Economics of Transition. Vol. 3 (1). p 13-37. March 1995.


<24>
Accession Number
  0323014
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Evolution of Financial Discipline under the Postsocialist System.
Source
  Kyklos. Vol. 46 (3). p 315-36. 1993.
Abstract
  This article examines how postsocialist society can learn the financial
  discipline characteristic of a market economy.  The prerequisite for this is
  the commitment and credibility of the state.  The new private firms must be
  imbued with the demand for financial discipline from the moment they are
  founded; an alteration in the behavior of state-owned enterprises is also
  possible but not certain.  Both the state and the firms are under a big
  temptation to revert to their habitual behavior. Meanwhile, the
imposition of
  financial discipline poses the bitter dilemma of efficiency versus security.


<25>
Accession Number
  0321727
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Transformational Recession:  A General Phenomenon Examined through the
  Example of Hungary's Development.
Source
  Economie Appliquee. Vol. 46 (2). p 181-227. 1993.
Abstract
  All the postsocialist countries are in deep recession.  This study discusses
  the common features of these recessions, using the Hungarian economy as an
  example.  The author starts by considering the following general reasons for
  the phenomenon: (1) the shift from a sellers' to a buyers' market, (2) the
  transformation of the real structure of the economy, (3) the disturbances in
  the coordination mechanisms, (4) the macro consequences of the hardening of
  financial discipline, and (5) the backwardness of the financial system.  The
  components of macrodemand-investment, personal consumption, government
  consumption, and exports are then examined one by one.  The most important
  factor here is the swindling propensity to investment.  Finally comes a
  summary of the conclusions to be drawn from the analysis.  There are good
  reasons for placing the tasks of emerging from the recession, recovery, at
  the top of the list of economic "policy priorities, but without
permitting an
  acceleration of inflation or a resumed increase in indebtedness.  The study
  ends by analyzing the political and economic"-psychological requirements for
  recovery.


<26>
Accession Number
  0343748
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Overcentralization in economic administration:  A critical analysis based on
  experience in Hungarian light industry.
Source
  Reprint edition.  Translated by John Knapp.  Oxford and New York:  Oxford
  University Press. p xxxii, 241. 1994.
Abstract
  Considers the economic administration of Hungarian light industry in 1955
and
  the first half of 1956, focusing on the shoe, leather, woollen, and cotton
  branches of state-owned and ministry controlled industry.  Discusses the
  system of instructions regulating production; incentives for top
managements;
  and some useful and harmful tendencies that result from the joint effects of
  plan instructions and incentives. Explores the relationship between light
  industry and domestic commerce; problems in the field of materials supplies;
  and the problem of achieving a proper balance between production and
  consumption. Discusses excessive centralization as a sociopolitical problem
  and assesses the rationalization measures of 1954 and other attempts to
  develop local initiative and autonomy for enterprises.  Originally published
  in English in 1959; includes an English translation of the preface, written
  in 1989, to the second Hungarian edition of the book. Kornai
  is Professor of Economics at Harvard University and at the Hungarian Academy
  of Sciences. No index.


<27>
Accession Number
  0273992
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
  Economist-Leiden. Vol. 140 (2). p 153-76. 1992.
Abstract
  This paper surveys the choice criteria in selecting the mode of
  privatization. The main aspects are: (1) the sociological aspect with a
  longer time horizon, and in particular the objective to create a large class
  of business people; (2) economic aspects, and in particular the objective to
  increase efficiency and improve management; (3) political aspects and, (4)
  distributional-ethical aspects, including considerations of restitution and
  compensation for the loss of confiscated property. The paper discusses the
  role of the state and the evolutionary character of the privatization
  process, and analyzes various property forms. The significance of the
  evolution of personal owners gets special emphasis. Further subjects of the
  discussion are employee ownership, various forms of institutional ownership,
  give-away schemes of privatization and property rights of foreigners.
  Finally, the author explains his position concerning the speed of
  privatization.


<28>
Accession Number
  0293173
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Historical Mission of Heresy: Gyorgy Peter, the Reform Economist.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 45 (1-2). p 89-100. 1993.
Abstract
  The study concerns the work as an economist of an outstanding pioneer of
  concept of the Hungarian reform. The article compares the initial ideas
  contained in Gyorgy Peter's studies and the official reform decisions with
  the way they were implemented between 1968 and 1989. He establishes that the
  reform blueprints were basically put into practice, but failed to have the
  expected results: the system that came into being proved not to be stable or
  lastingly viable. The failure was not due to faulty implementation, but to a
  contradiction inherent in the ideas. The final part of the article
underlines
  the great part played by the heretical ideas of Gyorgy Peter in eliminating
  the old dogmas and stimulating new thinking.


<29>
Accession Number
  0395695
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Principles of Privatization in Eastern Europe.
Source
  Tinbergen lectures on economic policy. Knoester, A.  Wellink, A. H. E. M.,
  eds., Amsterdam; London and Tokyo:  North-Holland; distributed in the U.S.
  and Canada by Elsevier Science, New York. p 103-26. 1993. Previously
  Published: 1992.


<30>
Accession Number
  0386384
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Market Socialism Revisited.
Source
  Market socialism:  The current debate. Bardhan, Pranab K.  Roemer, John E.,
  eds., New York; Oxford; Toronto and Melbourne:  Oxford University Press. p
  42-68. 1993.


<31>
Accession Number
  0269112
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The socialist system:  The political economy of communism.
Source
  Princeton:  Princeton University Press. p xxviii, 644. 1992.
Abstract
  Examines the phenomena, causal relationships, and regularities that are
  similar in China, the Soviet Union, North Korea, Yugoslavia, and, in
general,
  all countries where a Communist party was or still is in power.   Provides a
  detailed summary of the main features of the classical socialist system, the
  process of reform, and the postsocialist transition.  Examines the
  antecedents and discusses the anatomy of the system in terms of power,
  ideology, property, coordination mechanisms, planning and direct
bureaucratic
  control, money and price, investment and growth, employment and wages,
  shortage and inflation, consumption and distribution, and external economic
  relations.  Analyzes the process of reform in terms of the dynamics of the
  changes, political liberalization, the rise of the private sector,
  self-management, market socialism, price reforms, and macro tensions in the
  postsocialist system.  Kornai is Professor of Economics at
  Harvard University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.  Author and
subject
  indexes.


<32>
Accession Number
  0265412
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Anti-equilibrium:  On economic systems theory and the tasks of research.
Source
  Reprints of Economic Classics.  Fairfield, N.J.:  Kelley. p xx, 402. 1991.
Abstract
  Reprint of the original  1971 edition.  Examines a number of fundamental
  problems of economic theory, using an economic systems theory approach.
  Kornai is Professor of Economics at the Institute of
  Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.   Author and subject indexes.


<33>
Accession Number
  0377962
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Affinity between Ownership and Coordination Mechanisms:  The Common
  Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
  Constructing capitalism:  The reemergence of civil society and liberal
  economy in the post-Communist world. Poznanski, Kazimierz Z., ed., Boulder
  and Oxford:  Westview Press. p 97-116. 1992.


<34>
Accession Number
  0269183
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Postsocialist Transition and the State:  Reflections in the Light of
  Hungarian Fiscal Problems.
Source
  American Economic Review. Vol. 82 (2). p 1-21. May 1992.


<35>
Accession Number
  0336654
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Stabilization and Economic Transition in Hungary:  The Next Two Years.
Source
  Trade theory and economic reform:  North, South, and East: Essays in
honor of
  Bela Balassa. [Balassa, Bela], Edited by Jaime de Melo and Andre Sapir
  Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.:  Blackwell. p 307-26. 1991.


<36>
Accession Number
  0237721
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The road to a free economy:  Shifting from a socialist system:  The example
  of Hungary.
Source
  New York and London:  Norton. p 224. 1990.
Abstract
  Based on a 1989 lecture outlining  proposals for a new economic policy to be
  pursued by the new Hungarian  Parliament after the first free elections in
  the spring of 1990.   Presents a core of ideas applicable for countries in
  their transition from socialism to a free economy.  Focuses on the  topical
  tasks of the coming years, discussing ownership,  macroeconomic
  stabilization, and the relationship between the economy and politics.
  Discusses ownership, concentrating on the private and public sectors.
  Delineates the requirements for the private sector to succeed. Examines the
  structure of the state sector.  Describes the process of privatization as a
  shift in the proportions between the two sectors.  Considers other forms of
  ownership such as cooperatives, labor management, and local state
ownership.
  Discusses stabilization policies for stopping inflation, restoring budgetary
  equilibrium, managing macrodemand, forming rational prices, and maintaining
  humanitarian and economic reserves. Examines the stabilization operation in
  an international context.   Discusses the program for economic transition
  from both  political and economic points of view, noting sources of tension
  and the need for a strong government.  Kornai is Professor
  of Economics at  Harvard University and is a member of the Institute of
  Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Index.


<37>
Accession Number
  0239325
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Affinity between Ownership Forms and Coordination Mechanisms:  The
Common
  Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
  Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 4 (3). p 131-47. Summer 1990.


<38>
Accession Number
  0238155
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe:  The Case of Poland:  Comments.
Source
  Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Vol. 0 (1). p 138-42. 1990.


<39>
Accession Number
  0279733
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Affinity between Ownership and Coordination Mechanisms: The Common
  Experience of Reform in Socialist Countries.
Source
  Market forces in planned economies:  Proceedings of a conference held by the
  International Economic Association in Moscow, USSR. Bogomolov, Oleg T., ed.,
  New York:  New York University Press; distributed by Columbia University
  Press  London:  Macmillan in association with the International Economic
  Association. p 32-54. 1990.


<40>
Accession Number
  0261072
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Some Lessons from the Hungarian Experience for Chinese Reformers.
Source
  Market reforms in socialist societies:  Comparing China and Hungary. Van
  Ness, Peter, ed., With contributions by G. Barany et al.  Boulder and
London:
  Rienner. p 75-106. 1989.


<41>
Accession Number
  0259419
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Hungarian Reform Process: Visions, Hopes, and Reality.
Source
  Remaking the economic institutions of socialism:  China and Eastern Europe.
  Nee, Victor  Stark, David, eds., With Mark Seldon  Stanford, Calif.:
  Stanford University Press. p 32-94. 1989.


<42>
Accession Number
  0203824
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Matits, Agnes.
Title
  The Softness of Budgetary Constraints--An Analysis of Enterprise Data.
Source
  Eastern European Economics. Vol. 25 (4). p 1-34. Summer 1987.


<43>
Accession Number
  0203313
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Daniel, Zsuzsa.
Title
  The Chinese Economic Reform--as Seen by Hungarian Economists (Marginal Notes
  to Our Travel Diary).
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 36 (3-4). p 289-305. 1986.
Abstract
  In Chinese agriculture the so-called "responsibility system" entailing a
  strong and direct int erest of peasant families has lent a great impetus to
  production. In the state sector there exists a "'double regulation": the old
  one, based on directive planning and the new one relying on enterprise
  autonomy. The symbiosis of the two involves several kinds of
inconsistencies.
  The budget constraint of state enterprises is soft: the profit to be
  retained, the survival and growth of the enterprise all depend on
  negotiations with superior authorities.


<44>
Accession Number
  0212082
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Individual Freedom and Reform of the Socialist Economy.
Source
  European Economic Review. Vol. 32 (2-3). p 233-67. March 1988.


<45>
Accession Number
  0040061
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
Source
  Translated by Ilona Lukacs, Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu.
  Cambridge, Mass., and London:  MIT Press. p ix, 165. 1986.
Abstract
  Translation of  Ellentmondasok es dilemmak (Hungary 1983, 1985).  Contains
  seven essays that have appeared previously in English in various journals
  from 1979 to 1983.  Essays are intended to discuss some contradictions and
  dilemmas manifested in the everyday experience of the socialist economy.
  They refer to the experiences of the Hungarian economy and make comparisons
  between variants of the socialist system and between socialist and
capitalist
  systems.  Topics are:  the reproduction of shortage; "hard" and "soft"
budget
  constraint; degrees of paternalism; economics and psychology; comments on
the
  present state and prospects of the Hungarian economic reform; efficiency and
  the principles of socialist ethics; and the health of nations.
  Kornai is Professor of Economics, Institute of Economics,
  Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.  No index.


<46>
Accession Number
  0197412
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Hungarian Reform Process:  Visions, Hopes, and Reality.
Source
  Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 24 (4). p 1687-1737. December 1986.


<47>
Accession Number
  0029128
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Dual Dependence of the State-Owned Firm in Hungary.
Source
  China's industrial reform. Tidrick, Gene, ed.  Jiyuan, Chen, ed., Oxford;
New
  York; Toronto and Melbourne:  Oxford University Press for The World Bank. p
  317-38. 1987.


<48>
Accession Number
  0021878
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Health of Nations:  Reflections on the Analogy between the Medical
  Sciences and Economics.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 139-60. 1986. Previously Published: 1983.


<49>
Accession Number
  0021877
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Efficiency and the Principles of Socialist Ethics.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 124-38. 1986. Previously Published: 1980.


<50>
Accession Number
  0021876
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Comments on the Present State and the Prospects of the Hungarian Economic
  Reform.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 81-123. 1986. Previously Published: 1983.


<51>
Accession Number
  0021875
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  "Hard" and "Soft" Budget Constraint.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 33-51. 1986. Previously Published: 1980.


<52>
Accession Number
  0021874
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Reproduction of Shortage.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 6-32. 1986. Previously Published: 1979.


<53>
Accession Number
  0021873
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Contradictions and Dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist Economy and Society:
  Introduction.
Source
  Contradictions and dilemmas:  Studies on the Socialist economy and society.
  Kornai, Janos., Translated by Ilona Lukacs,
  Julianna Parti, Brian Mclean, and Gyorgy Hajdu  Cambridge, Mass., and
London:
  MIT Press. p 1-5. 1986.


<54>
Accession Number
  0190748
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Simonovits, Andras.
Title
  Investment, Efficiency, and Shortage: A Macro-growth Model.
Source
  Matekon. Vol. 22 (2). p 3-29. Winter 1985-86.


<55>
Accession Number
  0190456
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Soft Budget Constraint.
Source
  Kyklos. Vol. 39 (1). p 3-30. 1986.


<56>
Accession Number
  0186563
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Gomulka on the Soft Budget Constraint: A Reply [Kornia's Soft Budget
  Constraint and the Shortage Phenomenon: A Criticism and Restatement].
Source
  Economics of Planning. Vol. 19 (2). p 49-55. 1985.


<57>
Accession Number
  0183710
Author
  Kornai, J.
Title
  On the Explanatory Theory of Shortage. Comments [A Propos the Explanation of
  Shortage Phenomena: Volume of Demand and Structural Inelasticity].
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 34 (1-2). p 145-62. 1985.


<58>
Accession Number
  0155804
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Jutta-Pietsch, Anna.
Title
  Shortage as a Fundamental Problem of Centrally Planned Economies and the
  Hungarian Reform [Interview].
Source
  Economics of Planning. Vol. 18 (3). p 103-13. 1982.


<59>
Accession Number
  0154974
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Hungary's Reform: Halfway to the Market.
Source
  Challenge!. Vol. 28 (2). p 22-31. May-June 1985.


<60>
Accession Number
  0153289
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Matits, Agnes.
Title
  Softness of the Budget Constraint-An Analysis Relying on Data of Firms.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 32 (3-4). p 223-49. 1984.


<61>
Accession Number
  0010385
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Adjustment to Price and Quantity Signals in a Socialist Economy.
Source
  The Economics of Relative Prices:  Proceedings of a Conference Held by the
  International Economic Association in Athens, Greece. Csikos-Nagy, Bela,
ed.
  Hague, Douglas, ed.  Hall, Graham, ed., New York:  St. Martin's Press. p
  60-77. 1984.


<62>
Accession Number
  0010287
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Some Properties of the Eastern European Growth Pattern.
Source
  The Modelling of Socio-Economic Planning Processes. Cohen, S. I., et al.,
  ed., Aldershot, Hampshire, and Brookfield, Vt.:  Gower. p 13-23. 1984.
  Previously Published: 1981.


<63>
Accession Number
  0148385
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Comments on the Present State and the Prospects of the Hungarian Economic
  Reform.
Source
  Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 7 (3). p 225-52. September 1983.


<64>
Accession Number
  0138669
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Adjustment to Price and Quantity Signals in a Socialist Economy.
Source
  Economie Appliquee. Vol. 35 (3). p 503-24. 1982.


<65>
Accession Number
  0135573
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  Some Properties of the Eastern European Growth Pattern.
Source
  World Development. Vol. 9 (9-10). p 965-70. September-October 1981.


<66>
Accession Number
  0127823
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  "Hard" and "Soft" Budget Constraint.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 25 (3-4). p 231-45. 1980.


<67>
Accession Number
  0121023
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Dilemmas of a Socialist Economy: The Hungarian Experience.
Source
  Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol. 4 (2). p 147-57. June 1980.


<68>
Accession Number
  0112804
Author
  Kornai, J.
Title
  Resource-Constrained versus Demand-Constrained Systems.
Source
  Econometrica. Vol. 47 (4). p 801-19. July 1979.


<69>
Accession Number
  0108065
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Weibull, Jorgen W.
Title
  The Normal State of the Market in a Shortage Economy: A Queue Model.
Source
  Scandinavian Journal of Economics. Vol. 80 (4). p 375-98. 1978.


<70>
Accession Number
  0098145
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Simonovits, Andras.
Title
  Decentralized Control Problems in Neumann-Economies.
Source
  Journal of Economic Theory. Vol. 14 (1). p 44-67. Feb. 1977.


<71>
Accession Number
  0163861
Author
  Kornai, Janos.
Title
  The Measurement of Shortage.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 16 (3-4). p 321-44. 1976.


<72>
Accession Number
  0071402
Author
  Kornai, Janos; Martos, Bela.
Title
  Autonomous Control of the Economic System.
Source
  Econometrica. Vol. 41 (3). p 509-28. May 1973.


<73>
Accession Number
  0068650
Author
  Rimler, Judit; Daniel, Zsuzsa; Kornai,
  Janos.
Title
  Macrofunctions Computed on the Basis of Plan Models.
Source
  Acta Oeconomica. Vol. 8 (4). p 375-406. 1972.




Dr. Steve Keen
Senior Lecturer
Economics & Finance
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