[Marxism] David Walsh on Dark Knight

[Louis Proyect <lnp3@xxxxxxxxx>]

The Dark Knight: Striving to be impressive, but essentially empty
By David Walsh
25 July 2008

Directed by Christopher Nolan, written by Christopher and Jonathan 
Nolan, story by Christopher Nolan and David Goyer.

American studio filmmaking is in a terrible, terrible state. The current 
list of the 10 leading films at the box office includes three cartoons; 
two films based on comic books, and a third about an “unorthodox” 
super-hero; two remakes; an empty-headed action picture; and a film 
adapted from a Broadway musical based on 1970s pop songs.

At the top of the list, The Dark Knight, the second Batman film directed 
by British-born Christopher Nolan and scripted by him and his brother, 
Jonathan Nolan, has already been a financial triumph, bringing in a 
record $222 million on more than 9,000 screens in its first six days.

Various factors might account for this phenomenal success, including the 
lack of serious alternatives, the relative cheapness of movies as a form 
of entertainment and perhaps the impression of potential viewers that 
the latest Batman film was darkly comical, something disturbing but 
action-packed and intriguing.

In fact, in my view, The Dark Knight is a neither a good nor a serious 
film. It is ill-conceived and poorly done, overlong, confusing and 
emotionally muddy. The filmmakers apparently aspire to say something, 
but the comic-book adaptation is a limited form and, more to the point, 
one has to have important experiences and thoughts to say something 
interesting or enlightening about life.

Whatever The Dark Knight’s immediate fate and the improved status in 
Hollywood of its creators, there is nothing here that makes a deep 
impact or will endure, even as a piece of popular entertainment. And 
American popular entertainment did once upon a time generate enduring works.

In this installment of the Batman story, a master and murderous 
criminal, the Joker (the late Heath Ledger), begins wreaking havoc on 
Gotham City. His ultimate target is Batman (Christian Bale), whom he 
wants to bring low. He first offers the city’s gang leaders to eliminate 
Batman for a great deal of money. The mob bosses scoff at him, but after 
Batman kidnaps the crime syndicate’s accountant in Hong Kong and brings 
him home to face the music, they agree to hire the Joker.

The latter announces that he will begin killing Gotham City officials 
and residents on a daily basis until Batman reveals his identity and 
turns himself into the police. However, instead of Bruce Wayne, Batman’s 
public “mask,” giving himself up, crusading district attorney Harvey 
Dent (Aaron Eckhart) publicly claims to be the masked vigilante. Dent’s 
hope is that the Joker will attempt to assassinate him, thus drawing the 
criminal into the open where he can be nabbed by Batman and the police.

This is more or less what happens, after a furious chase and showdown. 
In fact, however, the master criminal is two steps ahead of Batman and 
the cops; in the confusion, he has had Dent and his girl-friend, Rachel 
Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal), placed at opposite ends of the city, and 
rigged to die in timed explosions. Batman can only save one of them.

Dent survives, with half his face burned off and his personality 
transformed—he now becomes an ally of the dark forces. The Joker, who 
has blasted his way out of jail, attempts one last “prank”—he makes the 
passengers on two packed ferries decide which boatload will be allowed 
to survive.

Meanwhile, Dent has now become a vigilante on his own and a menace to 
the city’s population. Batman and the new police commissioner, James 
Gordon (Gary Oldman), work to eliminate the threat Dent represents while 
preserving his reputation as a hero. Batman agrees to take the blame for 
various crimes and earn the public opprobrium.

A good many talented and appealing performers were involved in this 
production—Bale, Ledger, Gyllenhaal, Eckhart, Oldman, Michael Caine, 
Morgan Freeman and others. And many skilled technicians, too. But it 
adds up to very little.

Nolan’s film is far too long and grows tedious, with at least half a 
dozen unnecessary twists and turns, some of which are impossible (or too 
unrewarding) to follow. It becomes preposterous. A number of the action 
sequences are put together so poorly that it is difficult to make out 
what is happening or to whom. The special effects and explosions and 
weaponry don’t make much of an impact, and why should they?

The critics have widely and, for the most part, lavishly praised The 
Dark Knight.

Some, bluntly, because of its supposed pessimism—“What is most 
unprecedented about the narrative, however, is its largely unsympathetic 
treatment of the yapping and yowling citizens of Gotham City, a gloomy 
echo of ourselves, at the gas pumps and grocery stores, still looking 
for easy answers from the highest bidders for our votes. In this 
respect, Ledger’s Joker brilliantly incarnates the devil in all our 
miserable souls as we contemplate a world seemingly without hope” 
(Andrew Sarris, New York Observer).

...And some on the opposite grounds—“Pitched at the divide between art 
and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than 
any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind...largely by embracing an 
ambivalence that at first glance might be mistaken for pessimism. But no 
work filled with such thrilling moments of pure cinema can be rightly 
branded pessimistic, even a postheroic superhero movie like The Dark 
Knight” (Manohla Dargis, New York Times).

The film, above all, strives in a variety of ways to be impressive, and 
its makers have apparently succeeded in this. Nolan and company needn’t 
have tried so hard; the critics are satisfied with far less.

The claims about The Dark Knight’s supposed moral ambiguities and 
related matters need to be thought about. They are bound up with 
whatever references to or hints about the present state of life appear 
in the film.

Heath Ledger’s performance is at the center of much of the discussion. 
While Bale is largely blank, Ledger created a sometimes disturbing, 
sometimes amusing Joker—but it’s not at all clear what significance the 
characterization might have. The criminal is a self-described “agent of 
chaos,” who wants to see the world in flames for the fun of it. “I’m a 
dog chasing cars,” he says. “I just do.” He wants to introduce “a little 
anarchy.”

In The Dark Knight’s production notes, we read: “ ‘The Joker is somebody 
without any rules whatsoever,’ [Christian] Bale states. ‘How do you 
fight somebody who is bent on destruction, even if it means 
self-destruction? That’s a formidable foe.’ The actor goes on to say 
that The Joker’s total lack of morality is one of his most potent 
weapons in his war with Batman because, conversely, ‘Batman has a very 
strict moral code for what he will and won’t do, and The Joker can use 
that to his advantage. Batman still has this huge reserve of anger and 
pain and knows he could easily go too far, so he must not cross that 
line. He has to be sure that in chasing a monster, he doesn’t become a 
monster himself.’ ”

Nolan says, “As the screenplay developed,...we started to explore the 
effect one guy could have on an entire population—the ways in which he 
could upset the balance for people, the ways in which he could take 
their rules for living, their ethics, their beliefs, their humanity and 
turn them on themselves. You could say we’ve seen echoes of that in our 
own world, which has led me to believe that anarchy and chaos—even the 
threat of anarchy and chaos—are among the most frightening things 
society faces, especially in this day and age.”

It is hard to ignore the references to someone “bent on destruction, 
even if it means self-destruction,” the “echoes of that in our own 
world” and the dilemma of a crime-fighter who mustn’t “become a monster 
himself.” A review in Variety refers to the Joker as “the 
superhero-movie equivalent of a modern terrorist (one of several 
post-9/11 signifiers).” The phrase “modern terrorist” appears in 
numerous comments on the film.

In the first place, in what universe does this type of “terrorist” 
exist? The Joker’s freakish and depraved personality is an invention, 
which, again, is meant primarily to make an impression. It doesn’t speak 
to any substantial reality. Such a figure as a social being is not to be 
found outside a certain kind of fevered or panic-stricken imagination.

Moreover: morally troubled anti-terrorists, with “strict moral codes,” 
pursuing the incarnation of evil and fearful that they will lose their 
way in this painful but necessary exercise? What is this about? Indeed, 
there are several points in The Dark Knight at which Dent or the police 
are tempted to torture or beat their prisoners. Batman intervenes to 
remind Dent in one scene of the consequences.

What worldview does this correspond to or suggest? It brings to mind the 
recent article in the New York Times, following the release of minutes 
from a meeting among military torturers and their accomplices at 
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The Times piece referred to the “confusion” among 
those in attendance “about both the legal limits and the effectiveness 
of interrogation methods.”

This is not to say that the Nolans consciously share the wretched 
latter-day liberalism of the Times or its British equivalents. But it 
points to the consequences of not thinking seriously about things, a 
failure that permits the artist to be picked up by or used by stronger 
currents in the absence of knowledge and principled opposition.

The writer and director have loaded each character—with the exception of 
the Joker, who represents “pure, unadulterated evil” (Nolan), whatever 
that might mean—with doubleness and ambiguity to the point where he or 
she can hardly stand up under the weight. Nolan comments, “There are a 
number of dualities in this film, and there are also several mirrored 
relationships. The relationship between Batman and The Joker is an 
interesting one, as is the relationship between Harvey Dent/Two-Face and 
Lieutenant Gordon.”

They aren’t actually, nor are the characters’ ambivalences, because they 
are either trivial or contrived. A serious moral ambiguity, one with 
resonance, is not simply any arbitrarily arrived at internal conflict. 
Batman is a relentless and nearly superhuman vigilante who disapproves 
of vigilantism—he desires a city where he wouldn’t need to exist; Dent 
is a crusading prosecutor, with a “dark side,” which the Joker 
ultimately manipulates and turns into madness; Rachel loved Bruce 
Wayne/Batman, but couldn’t accept his double life as billionaire playboy 
and crime fighter.... It’s too silly to go on!

A moral ambiguity that means something in art is the reflection—in the 
internal life of a character—of the great questions or challenges of a 
particular epoch, artistically worked through and made psychologically 
and socially true. In our day, for an artist to render such an ambiguity 
would require cutting through the deliberate mystification of the 
present social order and arriving at harsh truths.

For example, if an American interrogator were to realize that far from 
defending “democracy” and “freedom” with his or her brutal methods, he 
or she were defending privilege and tyranny, that might establish an 
interesting internal conflict. But one would have to adopt an 
independent standpoint.

The Nolans, despite their noise and flourishes, appear thoroughly 
conformist and accepting of the status quo.

The production notes: “While The Joker wreaks chaos and fear, the 
crusading District Attorney Harvey Dent is the new face of law and order 
in Gotham City. ‘Harvey is a man of the people. He’s an all-American 
hero in a very different way from Batman,’ says Nolan. ‘So now you have 
the triumvirate of Batman, Harvey Dent and Lieutenant Gordon—the justice 
system, the police and a vigilante—forming an alliance to bring down 
crime. Using Batman gives them an edge over the criminals, but it is 
still the police who will arrest them, and then they will be tried 
through the justice system. But what comes up is the question of whether 
you can bend the rules without breaking them. And that becomes the 
underlying theme of the story.’”

Someone who accepts the official version of things in this manner is 
incapable of doing much.

The distance between a complex and often painful social reality and the 
version of life offered up by the entertainment industry continues, by 
and large, to grow larger.



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