[A-List] Secret History of American Empire

[Omahkohkiaayo_ipoyi <omahkohkiaayo@xxxxxxxxx>]

Tuesday, June 5th, 2007
John Perkins on "The Secret History of the American Empire: Economic Hit
Men, Jackals, and the Truth about Global Corruption"


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Today, we spend the hour with a man who claims to have worked deep inside
the forces driving corporate globalization. In his first book, ?Confessions
of an Economic Hit Man?, John Perkins told the story of his work as a
highly paid consultant hired to strong-arm leaders into creating policy
favorable to the U.S. government and corporations -- what he calls the
?corporatocracy.? John Perkins has just come out with a new book. It's
called ?The Secret History of the American Empire: Economic Hit Men,
Jackals, and the Truth about Global Corruption.? [includes rush transcript]

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Hundreds of thousands of protesters are gathering in Germany ahead of
tomorrow's G8 meeting of the world's richest nations. The three-day summit
is being held in the coastal resort of Heiligendamm. German police have
spent $18 million dollars to erect an eight-mile-long, two-meter-high fence
around the meeting site. Global warming will be high on the agenda. Going
into the meeting, President Bush has proposed to sideline the UN-backed
Kyoto Accords and set voluntary targets on reducing emissions of greenhouse
gas. Other top issues will include foreign aid and new trade deals. 

Today, we spend the hour with a man who claims to have worked deep inside
the forces driving corporate globalization. In his first book, ?Confessions
of an Economic Hit Man?, John Perkins told the story of his work as a
highly paid consultant hired to strong-arm leaders into creating policy
favorable to the U.S. government and corporations -- what he calls the
?corporatocracy.? Perkins says he helped the U.S. cheat poor countries
around the globe out of trillions of dollars by lending them more money
than they could possibly repay and then taking over their economies. 

John Perkins has just come out with a new book. It's called ?The Secret
History of the American Empire: Economic Hit Men, Jackals, and the Truth
about Global Corruption.? John Perkins joins me now in the firehouse
studio. 

John Perkins, From 1971 to 1981 he worked for the international consulting
firm of Chas T. Main where he was a self-described "economic hit man." He
is the author of the new book "The Secret History of the American Empire."

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RUSH TRANSCRIPT 
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AMY GOODMAN: Hundreds of thousands of protesters are gathering in Germany
ahead of tomorrow?s G8 meeting of the world?s richest nations. The
three-day summit is being held in the coastal resort of Heiligendamm.
German police have spent $18 million to erect an eight-mile-long,
two-meter-high fence around the meeting site. 

Global warming will be high on the agenda. Going into the meeting,
President Bush has proposed to sideline the UN-backed Kyoto Accords and set
voluntary targets on reducing emissions of greenhouse gas. Other top issues
will include foreign aid and new trade deals. 

Today, we spend the hour with a man who claims to have worked deep inside
the forces driving corporate globalization. In his first book, Confessions
of an Economic Hit Man, John Perkins told the story of his work as a highly
paid consultant hired to strong-arm leaders into creating policy favorable
to the US government and corporations, what he calls the ?corporatocracy.?
John Perkins says he helped the US cheat poor countries around the globe
out of trillions of dollars by lending them more money than they could
possibly repay and then taking over their economies. John Perkins has just
come out with his second book on this issue. It?s called The Secret History
of the American Empire: Economic Hit Men, Jackals and the Truth about
Global Corruption. John Perkins joins us now in the firehouse studio.
Welcome to Democracy Now! 

JOHN PERKINS: Thank you, Amy. It?s great to be here. 

AMY GOODMAN: Well, before we go further, ?economic hit men? -- for those
who haven?t heard you describe this, let alone describe yourself as this,
what do you mean? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, really, I think it?s fair to say that since World War
II, we economic hit men have managed to create the world's first truly
global empire, and we've done it primarily without the military, unlike
other empires in history. We've done it through economics very subtly. 

We work many different ways, but perhaps the most common one is that we
will identify a third world country that has resources our corporations
covet, such as oil, and then we arrange a huge loan to that country from
the World Bank or one of its sister organizations. The money never actually
goes to the country. It goes instead to US corporations, who build big
infrastructure projects -- power grids, industrial parks, harbors, highways
-- things that benefit a few very rich people but do not reach the poor at
all. The poor aren?t connected to the power grids. They don?t have the
skills to get jobs in industrial parks. But they and the whole country are
left holding this huge debt, and it?s such a big bet that the country can't
possibly repay it. So at some point in time, we economic hit men go back to
the country and say, ?Look, you know, you owe us a lot of money. You can't
pay your debt, so you?ve got to give us a pound of flesh.? 

AMY GOODMAN: And explain your history. What made you an economic hit man? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, when I graduated from business school at Boston
University, I was recruited by the National Security Agency, the nation?s
largest and perhaps most secretive spy organization. 

AMY GOODMAN: People sometimes think the CIA is that, but the NSA, many
times larger. 

JOHN PERKINS: Yeah, it is larger. It?s much larger. At least it was in
those days. And it?s very, very secretive. We all -- there?s a lot of
rumors. We know quite a lot about the CIA, I think, but we know very, very
little about the NSA. It claims to only work in a cryptography, you know,
encoding and decoding messages, but in fact we all know that they?re the
people who have been listening in on our telephone conversations. That?s
come out recently. And they?re a very, very secretive organization. 

They put me through a series of tests, very extensive tests, lie detector
tests, psychological tests, during my last year in college. And I think
it?s fair to say that they identified me as a good potential economic hit
man. They also identified a number of weaknesses in my character that would
make it relatively easy for them to hook me, to bring me in. And I think
those weaknesses, I [inaudible] might call, the three big drugs of our
culture: money, power and sex. Who amongst us doesn?t have one of them? I
had all three at the time. 

And then I joined the Peace Corps. I was encouraged to do that by the
National Security Agency. I spent three years in Ecuador living with
indigenous people in the Amazon and the Andes, people who today and at that
time were beginning to fight the oil companies. In fact, the largest
environmental lawsuit in the history of the world has just been brought by
these people against Texaco, Chevron. And that was incredibly good training
for what I was to do. 

And then, while I was still in the Peace Corps, I was brought in and
recruited into a US private corporation called Charles T. Main, a
consulting firm out of Boston of about 2,000 employees, very low-profile
firm that did a tremendous amount of work of what I came to understand was
the work of economic hit men, as I described it earlier, and that?s the
role I began to fulfill and eventually kind of rose to the top of that
organization as its chief economist. 

AMY GOODMAN: And how did that tie to the NSA? Was there a connection? 

JOHN PERKINS: You know, that?s what?s very interesting about this whole
system, Amy, is that there?s no direct connection. The NSA had interviewed
me, identified me and then essentially turned me over to this private
corporation. It?s a very subtle and very smart system, whereby it?s the
private industry that goes out and does this work. So if we?re caught doing
something, if we?re caught bribing or corrupting local officials in some
country, it?s blamed on private industry, not on the US government. 

And it?s interesting that in the few instances when economic hit men fail,
what we call ?the jackals,? who are people who come in to overthrow
governments or assassinate their leaders, also come out of private
industry. These are not CIA employees. We all have this image of the 007,
the government agent hired to kill, you know, with license to kill, but
these days the government agents, in my experience, don't do that. It?s
done by private consultants that are brought in to do this work. And I?ve
known a number of these individuals personally and still do. 

AMY GOODMAN: In your book, The Secret History of the American Empire, you
talk about taking on global power at every level. Right now, we?re seeing
these mass protests taking place in Germany ahead of the G8 meeting. Talk
about the significance of these. 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, I think it?s extremely significant. Something is
happening in the world today, which is very, very important. Yeah, as we
watched the headlines this morning, you know, what we can absolutely say is
we live in a very dangerous world. It?s also a very small world, where
we?re able to immediately know what?s going on in Germany or in the middle
of the Amazon or anywhere else. And we?re beginning to finally understand
around the world, I think, that the only way my children or grandchildren
or any child or grandchild anywhere on this planet is going to be able to
have a peaceful, stable and sustainable world is if every child has that.
The G8 hasn?t got that yet. 

AMY GOODMAN: Explain what the Group of Eight are. 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, the Group of Eight are the wealthiest countries in the
world, and basically they run the world. And the leader is the United
States, and it?s actually the corporations within these companies --
countries, excuse me -- that run it. It?s not the governments, because,
after all, the governments serve at the pleasure of the corporations. In
our own country, we know that the next two final presidential candidates,
Republican and Democrat alike, are going to each have to raise something
like half a billion dollars. And that?s not going to come from me and you.
Primarily that?s going to come from the people who own and run our big
corporations. They?re totally beholden to the government. So the G8 really
is this group of countries that represent the biggest multinational
corporations in the world and really serve at their behest. 

And what we?re seeing now in Europe -- and we?re seeing it very strongly in
Latin America, we?re seeing it in the Middle East -- we?re seeing this huge
undercurrent of resistance, of protest, against this empire that?s been
built out of this. And it?s been such a subtle empire that people haven?t
been aware of it, because it wasn?t built by the military. It was built by
economic hit men. Most of us aren?t aware of it. Most Americans have no
idea that these incredible lifestyles that we all lead are because we?re
part of a very vicious empire that literally enslaves people around the
world, misuses people. But we?re beginning to understand this. And the
Europeans and the Latin Americans are at the forefront of this
understanding. 

AMY GOODMAN: Well, we?re going to talk to you about Congo, about Lebanon,
about the Middle East, about Latin America, much of what you cover in The
Secret History of the American Empire, when we come back. 

[break] 

AMY GOODMAN: Our guest is John Perkins. From 1971 to ?81, he worked for the
international consulting firm of Charles T. Main, where he was a
self-described ?economic hit man.? His new book is called The Secret
History of the American Empire: Economic Hit Men, Jackals and the Truth
about Global Corruption. Let's talk back, going to Latin America, about
this ChevronTexaco lawsuit. 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, that?s extremely significant. When I was sent to
Ecuador as a Peace Corps volunteer in 1968, Texaco had just gone into
Ecuador, and the promise to the Ecuadorian people at that time from Texaco
and their own politicians and the World Bank was oil is going to pull this
country out of poverty. And people believed it. I believed it at the time.
The exact opposite has happened. Oil has made the country much more
impoverished, while Texaco has made fortunes off this. It?s also destroyed
vast areas of the Amazon rainforest. 

So the lawsuit today that?s being brought by a New York lawyer and some
Ecuadorian lawyers -- Steve Donziger here in New York -- is for $6 billion,
the largest environmental lawsuit in the history of the world, in the name
of 30,000 Ecuadorian people against Texaco, which is now owned by Chevron,
for dumping over eighteen billion gallons of toxic waste into the
Ecuadorian rainforest. That?s thirty times more than the Exxon Valdez. And
dozens and dozens of people have died and are continuing to die of cancer
and other pollution-related diseases in this area of the Amazon. So all
this oil has come out of this area, and it?s the poorest area of one of the
poorest countries in the hemisphere. And the irony of that is just so
amazing. 

But what I think -- one of the really significant things about this, Amy,
is that this law firm has taken this on, not pro bono, but they expect if
they win the case, which they expect to do, to make a lot of money off of
it, which is a philosophical decision. It isn?t because they wanted to get
rich off this. It?s because they want to encourage other law firms to do
similar things in Nigeria and in Indonesia and in Bolivia, in Venezuela and
many other places. So they want to see a business grow out of this, of law
firms going in and defending poor people, knowing that they can get a
payoff from the big companies who have acted so terribly, terribly,
terribly irresponsibly in the past. 

And Steve Donziger, the attorney -- I was in Ecuador with him just two
weeks ago -- and one of the very touching things he said is -- he?s an
American attorney with, you know, very good credentials, and he says, ?You
know, I?ve seen a lot of companies make mistakes and then try to defend
themselves in law courts.? And he said, ?That?s one thing. But in this
case, Texaco didn?t make mistakes. This was done with intent. They knew
what they were doing. To save a few bucks, they killed a lot of people.?
And now they?re going to be forced to pay for that, to take responsibility
for that, and hopefully open the door to make many companies take
responsibility for the wanton destruction that?s occurred. 

AMY GOODMAN: Let's talk about Latin America and its leaders, like Jaime
Roldos. Talk about him and his significance. You wrote about him in your
first book, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. 

JOHN PERKINS: Yeah, Jaime Roldos was an amazing man. After many years of
military dictators in Ecuador, US puppet dictators, there was a democratic
election, and one man, Jaime Roldos, ran on a platform that said Ecuadorian
resources ought to be used to help the Ecuadorian people, and specifically
oil, which at that time was just coming in. This was in the late ?70s. And
I was sent to Ecuador, and I was also sent at the same time to Panama to
work with Omar Torrijos, to bring these men around, to corrupt them,
basically, to change their minds. 

You know, in the case of Jaime Roldos, he won the election by a landslide,
and now he started to put into action his policy, his promises, and was
going to tax the oil companies. If they weren?t willing to give much more
of their profits back to the Ecuadorian people, then he threatened to
nationalize them. So I was sent down, along with other economic hit men --
I played a fairly minor role in that case and a major one in Panama with
Torrijos -- but we were sent into these countries to get these men to
change their policies, to go against their own campaign promises. And
basically what you do is you tell them, ?Look, you know, if you play our
game, I can make you and your family very healthy. I can make sure that you
get very rich. If you don?t play our game, if you follow your campaign
promises, you may go the way of Allende in Chile or Arbenz in Guatemala or
Lumumba in the Congo.? On and on, we can list all these presidents that
we?ve either overthrown or assassinated because they didn?t play our game.
But Jaime would not come around, Jaime Roldos. He stayed uncorruptible, as
did Omar Torrijos. 

And both of these -- and from an economic hit man perspective, this was
very disturbing, because not only did I know I was likely to fail at my
job, but I knew that if I failed, something dire was going to happen: the
jackals would come in, and they would either overthrow these men or
assassinate them. And in both cases, these men were assassinated, I have no
doubt. They died in airplane crashes two months apart from each other in
1981 -- single plane; their own private planes crashed. 

AMY GOODMAN: Explain more what happened with Omar Torrijos. 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, Omar, again, was very stalwartly standing up to the
United States, demanding that the Panama Canal should be owned by
Panamanians. And I spent a lot of time with Torrijos, and I liked him very,
very much as an individual. He was extremely charismatic, extremely
courageous and very nationalistic about wanting to get the best for his
people. And I couldn?t corrupt him. I tried everything I could possibly do
to bring him around. And as I was failing, I was also very concerned that
something would happen to him. And sure enough -- it was interesting that
Jaime Roldos's plane crashed in May, and Torrijos said -- got his family
together and said, ?I?m probably next, but I?m ready to go. We?ve now got
the Canal turned over.? He had signed a treaty with Jimmy Carter to get the
Canal in Panamanian hands. He said, ?I?ve accomplished my job, and I?m
ready to go now.? And he had a dream about being in a plane that hit a
mountain. And within two months after it happened to Roldos, it happened to
Torrijos also. 

AMY GOODMAN: And you met with both these men? 

JOHN PERKINS: Yes, I?d met with both of them. 

AMY GOODMAN: What were your conversations like? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, especially with Torrijos, I spent a lot of time with
him in some formal meetings and also at cocktail parties and barbecues --
he was big on things like that -- and was constantly trying to get him to
come around to our side and letting him know that if he did, he and his
family would get some very lucrative contracts, would become very wealthy,
and, you know, warning him. And he didn?t really need much warning, because
he knew what would be likely to happen if he didn?t. And his attitude was,
?I want to get done what I can in my lifetime, and then so be it.? 

And it?s been interesting, Amy, that since I wrote the book Confessions,
Marta Roldos, who?s Jaime?s daughter, has come to the United States to meet
with me, and I just spent time with her in Ecuador. She is now a member of
parliament in Ecuador, just elected, and she married Omar Torrijos's
nephew. And it?s really interesting to hear their stories about what was
going on -- she was seventeen at the time her parents -- her mother was
also in the plane that her father died in; the two of them died in that
plane -- and then to hear her talk about how her husband, Omar's nephew,
was in that meeting when the family was called together and Omar said, ?I?m
probably next, but I?m ready to go. I?ve done my job. I?ve done what I
could do for my people. So I?m ready to go, if that?s what has to happen.? 

AMY GOODMAN: So what were your conversations at the time with other
so-called economic hit men? I mean, you became the chief consultant at
Charles Main. 

JOHN PERKINS: Chief economist. 

AMY GOODMAN: Chief economist. 

JOHN PERKINS: Right. Well, you know, when I was with other people that --
we could be sitting at a table, say, in the Hotel Panama, knowing that
we?re both here to win these guys over, but we also had our official jobs,
which were to do studies on the economy, to show how if the country
accepted the loan, it was going to improve its gross national product. We
would talk about those kinds of things. It?s, I suspect, a little bit like
if two CIA agents, spies, get together or have a beer together, they don?t
really talk about what they?re really doing beneath the surface, but
they?ve got an official job, too, and that?s what you focus on. And, in
fact, the two, in my case, are very closely linked. 

So we were producing these economic reports that would prove to the World
Bank and would prove to Omar Torrijos that if he accepted these huge loans,
then his country's gross national product would just mushroom and pull his
people out of poverty. And we produced these reports, which made sense from
a mathematical econometric standpoint. And, in fact, it often happened that
with these loans, the GNP, the gross national product, did increase. 

But what also was true, and what Omar knew and Jaime Roldos knew and I was
coming to know very strongly, was that even if the general economy
increased, the poor people with these loans would get poorer. The rich
would make all the money, because most of the poor people weren?t even tied
into the gross national product. A lot of them didn?t even make income.
They were living off subsistence farming. They benefited nothing, but they
were left holding the debt, and because of these huge debts, their country
in the long term would not be able to provide them with healthcare,
education and other social services. 

AMY GOODMAN: Talk about Congo. 

JOHN PERKINS: Oh, boy. The whole story of Africa and the Congo is such a
devastating and sad one. And it?s the hidden story, really. We in the
United States don?t even talk about Africa. We don?t think about Africa.
You know, Congo has something called coltan, which probably most of your
listeners may not have even heard of, but every cell phone and laptop
computer has coltan in it. And several million people in the last few years
in the Congo have been killed over coltan, because you and I and all of us
in the G8 countries demand low -- or at least we want to see our computers
inexpensive and our cell phones inexpensive. And, of course, the companies
that make these sell them on that basis, that ?Oh, here, mine?s $200 less
than the other company.? But in order to do that, these people in the Congo
are being enslaved. The miners, the people mining coltan, they?re being
killed. There?s these vast wars going on to provide us with cheap coltan. 

And I have to say, you know, if we want to live in a safe world, we need to
be -- we must be willing, and, in fact, we must demand that we pay higher
prices for things like laptop computers and cell phones and that a good
share of that money go back to the people who are mining the coltan. And
that?s true of oil. It?s true of so many resources that we are not paying
the true cost, and there?s millions of people around the world suffering
from that. Roughly 50,000 people die every single day from hunger or
hunger-related diseases and curable diseases that they don?t get the
medicines for, simply because they?re part of a system that demands that
they put in long hours, and they get very, very low pay, so we can have
things cheaper in this country. And the Congo is an incredibly potent
example of that. 

AMY GOODMAN: You talk about the so-called defeats in Vietnam and Iraq and
what they mean for corporations. 

JOHN PERKINS: Yeah, well, that?s -- yeah, we, you and I, look at them as
defeats, perhaps, and certainly anybody who lost a child or a sibling or a
spouse in these countries look at them as disasters, as defeats, but the
corporations made a huge amount of money off Vietnam, the military
industry, huge corporations, the construction companies. And, of course,
they?re doing it in a very, very big way in Iraq. So the corporatocracy,
the people that are in fact insisting that our young men and women continue
to go to Iraq and fight, they?re making a tremendous amount of money. These
are not failures for them; they?re successes from a very strong economic
standpoint. And I know that sounds cynical. I am cynical about these
things. I?ve been there. I?ve seen it. And, you know, we must learn not to
put up with that anymore. All of us. 

AMY GOODMAN: We?re talking to John Perkins. His book is The Secret History
of the American Empire. It?s the fortieth anniversary of the 1967
Israeli-Arab war. You talk about Israel being a Fortress America in the
Middle East. 

JOHN PERKINS: I think it?s very sad and very telling, once again, that the
Israeli people, for the most part, are led to believe that they?ve been
given this land as a payoff, basically, for the Holocaust, because they
deserve to be recompensed. And, of course, the Holocaust was terrible, and
they do deserve to be taken care of and recompensed and have stability. 

But why would we locate that place in the middle of the Arab world, their
traditional enemies? Why would we locate that place in such an unstable
area? It?s because it is serving as a huge fortress for us in the biggest
oil fields known in the world today, and we knew this when Israel was
located there. And I think the Israeli people have been terribly exploited
in this process. 

So, in fact, we built this vast military base, armed camp, in the middle of
the Middle Eastern oil fields that are surrounded by the Arab communities,
and in the process, we?ve obviously created a tremendous amount of
resentment and anger and a situation that it?s very difficult to see any
positive outcome there. But the fact of the matter is, our having this
military base in Israel has been a huge defense for us. It?s been a place
where we could really launch attacks, rely on. It?s been our equivalent of
the Crusaders? castles in the Middle East. And it?s very, very sad. I think
it?s extremely sad for the Israeli people that they?re caught up in all of
this. I think it?s extremely sad for the American people. It?s extremely
sad for the world that this is going on. 

AMY GOODMAN: As we crisscross the globe, John Perkins, which is exaclty
what you did in your years as an international consultant, having been
groomed by the National Security Agency, but then becoming a top economist
in an international consulting firm, you have also written books about
Shamanism. You also write about Tibet. Where does Tibet fit into this
picture? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, you know, I was just in Tibet a couple of years ago,
and it was an interesting thing, because I took a group of about thirty
people into Tibet with me as part of a non-profit organization. I was
leading the trip. And some of these people had been in the Amazon with me,
been to other places. And, of course, Tibet right now is -- it?s very
depressing, because the Chinese presence is extremely strong, and you see
how the Tibetan culture has been put down. And you?re always aware that
there?s Chinese soldiers and spies all around you. And many of the people
on the trip came to the realization, yeah, this terrible here. ?Free
Tibet,? we all know about that, but the ones who had been with me on a trip
to the Amazon, where the oil companies and our own military are doing the
same things, said, ?But doesn't this remind us of what we?re doing in so
much of the world?? And it?s something we tend to forget. 

We can all wave banners about ?Free Tibet,? which we should, but how about
freeing the countries that are under our thumb, too? And certainly Tibet is
not nearly -- well, I hate to say it this way, because some people might
disagree with me, but I think Iraq is in worse shape than Tibet is these
days, although both of them are in pretty bad shape. But so, what we saw in
Tibet is that same kind of model that we?re implementing around the world.
And yet, most Americans are not aware that we?re doing it. They?re aware
that the Chinese are doing it, but not aware that we?re doing it on
actually a much bigger level than the Chinese are. 

AMY GOODMAN: John Perkins, talk about your transformation. You were making
a lot of money. You were traveling the world. You were in a position where
you were meeting presidents and prime ministers of countries, bringing them
to their knees. What made you change, and then, ultimately, the decision to
write about it? 

JOHN PERKINS: You know, Amy, when I first got started -- I grew up --
three, four hundred years of Yankee Calvinism -- in New Hampshire and
Vermont, with very strong moral principles, came from a pretty conservative
Republican family. And all during the ten years that I was an economic hit
man, from ?71 to ?81, I was pretty young, but it bothered my conscience.
And yet, everybody was telling me I was doing the right thing. Like you
said, presidents of countries, the president of the World Bank, Robert
McNamara, patted me on the back. And I was asked to lecture at Harvard and
many other places about what I was doing. And what I was doing was not
illegal -- should be, but it isn?t. And yet, in my heart, it always tore at
my conscience. I?d been a Peace Corps volunteer. I saw. And as time went by
and I began to understand more and more, it got to be more and more
difficult for me to continue doing this. I had a staff of about four dozen
people working for me. Things were building up. 

And then, one day I was on vacation, sailing in the Virgin Islands, and I
anchored my little boat off the St. John Island, and I took the dinghy in,
and I climbed this mountain on St. John Island in the Virgin Islands up to
this old sugar cane plantation in ruins. And it was beautiful.
Bougainville. The sun was setting. I sat there and felt very peaceful. And
then suddenly, I realized that this plantation had been built on the bones
of thousands of slaves. And then I realized that the whole hemisphere had
been built on the bones of millions of the slaves. And I got very angry and
sad. And then, it suddenly struck me that I was continuing that same
process and that I was a slaver, that I was making the same thing happen in
a slightly -- in a different way, more subtle way, but just as bad in terms
of its outcome. And at that point, I made the decision I would never do it
again. And I went back to Boston a couple of days later and quit. 

AMY GOODMAN: We?re talking to John Perkins, worked for Chas Main
International Consulting Firm, self-described ?economic hit man,? now has
written a new book called The Secret History of the American Empire. When
we come back from break, we?ll talk about -- well, from quitting the
American empire to taking it on. Stay with us. 

[break] 

AMY GOODMAN: We?re talking to John Perkins. His second book on the issue of
economic hit men is called The Secret History of the American Empire. John
Perkins is a New York Times bestselling author. His book Confessions of an
Economic Hit Man took this country by storm. 

So, you quit, but that was one step. Writing about it was another. Talk
about your attempts over time. 

JOHN PERKINS: Oh, yes. After I quit, I tried several times to write the
book that became Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, and each time I
reached out to other economic hit men I had worked with or jackals to try
to get their stories, word got out and I was threatened. I had a young
daughter at the time. She?s now twenty-five. And I also was offered some
bribe. In fact, I accepted a bribe of about a half a million dollars. It?s
what?s called a legal bribe, but it?s a bribe, and it was given to me with
the condition that I not write the book. There was no question about that.
I describe it in detail. 

And I assuaged my guilt by putting a lot of that money into nonprofits I
had formed -- Dream Change and Pachamama Alliance -- that are helping
Amazonian people fight oil companies, so to assuage my guilt some. But I
didn't write the story. And this happened a number of times, and I would
find one excuse or another, and I wrote other books about indigenous
people. I worked with these people. I wrote the books you mentioned earlier
about Shamanism and so forth, and so I kind of, you know, distracted myself
and assuaged my guilt and went on with this. 

And then, on 9/11, I was in the Amazon with the Shuar people, had taken a
group of nonprofit people in to learn from indigenous people in the Amazon.
But shortly after that, I came up to New York to Ground Zero, and as I
stood there looking down into that terrible pit, that smoldering -- and it
still smelled of burning flesh -- I realized that I had to write the book,
I could no longer defer, that the American people had no understanding of
why so many people around the world are angry and frustrated and terrified,
and that I had to take responsibility for what happened at 9/11. In fact,
we all have to take a certain responsibility, which is not in any way to
condone mass murder by anybody ever -- I?m not condoning that in any way --
but I did realize that the American people needed to understand why there?s
so much anger around the world. I had to write the book. 

So this time I didn?t tell anyone I was writing it, and even my wife and
daughter, they knew I was writing something, but they didn?t know what. I
didn?t reach out to other people. It made it a little more difficult to
write it. But finally I got it in the hands of a very good New York agent,
and he sent it out to publishers. At that point, this manuscript becomes my
best insurance policy, as at that point if something strange happens to me,
including now, suddenly the book will sell. Even though it?s been a
bestseller for a long time, it will sell a lot more copies, if something --
people sometimes laugh and say, ?Do you worry that your publisher may be
trying to assassinate you, because it would certainly help book sales?? I
don?t worry about it. But, you know, so at that point, once I got the
manuscript there, it became my insurance policy. 

AMY GOODMAN: You write ?A jackal is born,? about Jack Corbin. Who is he? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, Jack Corbin -- and that?s not his real name, but he?s a
real person -- he?s alive and well today, working for us in Iraq. But he is
a jackal, he is an assassin. And one of the most fascinating stories, I
think, involves Seychelles, which is a small county, an island country, off
the coast of Africa. And it happens to be located where Diego Garcia, one
of the United States?s most strategic air bases, is located. 

There?s a long history behind Diego Garcia. But in the late '70s,
Seychelles had a president that was very friendly to us, James Mancham, and
he was overthrown in a bloodless coup by [France-Albert] Rene, a socialist.
And [France-Albert] Rene threatened to get us out of Diego Garcia, to
expose the real facts behind the terrible things that went on to put us in
Diego Garcia. There?s a lot of details that I won?t get into now. 

In any case, I was called down to Washington to meet with a bunch of
retired generals and admirals, who were trying -- who were all working as
economic hit men for consulting firms, and they were prepping me to go in
and corrupt [France-Albert] Rene and bring him around to our side. But
before doing that, they wanted to find out whether he was really
corruptible or not. And it was sort of interesting that they -- one of
these generals had a young protégé, a young man, and the general had
noticed that a high diplomat from Seychelles in Washington had a young wife
who was not very happy. So this young man was sent in to seduce the wife
and compromise her and get information from her, which is a fairly common
tactic. Sex is a big thing in this game of diplomacy and economic hit
people. And sort of an interesting bi-story here is that one time at lunch
this general came back, and he said, ?You know, I think you economic hit
men have a much tougher job than you women counterpart, because,? he said,
?now this woman, the diplomat?s wife, is buying into this with the young
man, but she wants to be convinced that he loves her. So, you know, my god,
you know, I?d give the keys to the Pentagon to a young lady just for some
good sex. I don?t need to be convinced that she loves me. But I guess
that?s the difference between men and women.? That?s what he said. Kind of
interesting. Anyway, in the end, the young man did get the information from
the wife, and the information was that [France-Albert] René was not
corruptible. There was no point in even trying. 

AMY GOODMAN: Also, Diego Garcia is very significant as a military base. 

JOHN PERKINS: Extremely significant. And it was used -- it?s being used in
Afghanistan and Iraq and sorties that we fly in to Africa or any part of
that world. In any case, I was called off the job, and a little while later
a team of assassins were sent in from South Africa -- forty-five,
forty-six, I can?t remember the exact number -- were sent in as a rugby
team to bring in Christmas gifts to children of the Seychelles, but their
real job was to overthrow the government and assassinate Rene. At the time,
I didn?t know these individuals. Now, I know Jack Corbin. I know him very
well, personally. I?ve met him since. Our paths crossed back then, but we
didn?t know each other. 

AMY GOODMAN: What exactly did he do? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, the team went in, and they were apprehended at the
airport. A security guard discovered a hidden weapon on one of them. A huge
gun battle broke out at the Mahi airport, and these mercenaries were
surrounded by perhaps a thousand soldiers on the outside. Jack told me it
was one of the few times in his life where he figured he was going to die
and had time to think about it. Many times he could have died, but he just
reacted quickly. And they didn?t know what to do, but eventually an Air
India 707 came into view and asked permission to land, and they gave it
permission to land. As soon as it landed, they hijacked it, and they flew
it back to Durban, South Africa. 

And I?m now watching this on the national news. This was now on US national
news, and I?m knowing that this is -- I didn?t know what was going to
happen when I was called off the case, but now I?m seeing it unfold. And to
the world, what we saw is this plane, Air India 707, flies into Durban,
South Africa, surrounded by South African security guards. The men on the
plane give themselves up. They march off. They?re sent to court and then
sentenced to prison, and some, I think, to execution, and that?s the end of
the story, as far as we know. 

Now that I know Jack, what actually happened was when the plane was
surrounded, the security forces got on the telephone with the plane and
discovered there was their good friends, their teachers in fact, on the
plane. They worked out a deal. The men gave themselves up. They did spend
three months in prison. They had their own wing with television, etc., and
then were quietly released after three months. A lot of those same men,
that team, a lot of them today are in Iraq working for us there, doing
things that, you know, our soldiers are forbidden from doing. And they?re
making very good money doing it. 

AMY GOODMAN: Who is this man, so-called Jack Corbin, working for today in
Iraq? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, he works for a private company in Iraq that has a
contract, you know, that comes through the Pentagon, CIA, one of those
organizations. So, like so much of this work, there?s a tremendous, as
you?ve reported on this program, a tremendous number of these mercenaries
there. Jack Corbin and his people are at the very top of that level.
They?re the extremely skilled ones who do the really delicate work. We?ve
also got a lot of people working for Blackwater and others that, you know,
are not quite as skilled and are just out there doing kind of the grunt
work. But there?s all kinds at that level. 

AMY GOODMAN: Bechtel, Bolivia, the water wars. You?re based in the Bay
Area, where Bechtel is based, and the continent you know best, South
America. 

JOHN PERKINS: Yeah, well, you know, Bechtel was given the franchise to own
and operate the water system of Cochabamba, Bolivia, third largest city in
that country. And the World Bank forced this to happen. It?s so sad. When
it happened, suddenly the price of water quadrupled for some people, went
up by tremendous amounts. People could no longer afford water. Cochabamba
is a pretty poor city. There?s sections of it that are extremely poor. 

And so, the people took to the streets. They rebelled against this. There
were riots. And Bechtel dug in its heels, but eventually they threw Bechtel
out of Bolivia. Bechtel then sued Bolivia for $50 million in a European
court, because they couldn?t sue in a US court, because of the laws between
Bolivia and the US. And then Evo Morales was elected president of Bolivia,
and very shortly after that, Bechtel dropped its lawsuit. But it was
interesting that the lawsuit was for lost profits that they hadn?t been
able to realize because they had been thrown out for doing things that were
so onerous to the people there. 

AMY GOODMAN: John Perkins, what do you see as the solutions right now? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, you know, Amy, this empire that we?ve created really
has an emperor, and it?s not the president of this country. The President
serves, you know, for a short period of time. But it doesn't really matter
whether we have a Democrat or a Republican in the White House or running
Congress; the empire goes on, because it?s really run by what I call the
corporatocracy, which is a group of men who run our biggest corporations.
This isn?t a conspiracy theory. They don?t need to conspire. They all know
what serves their best interest. But they really are the equivalent of the
emperor, because they do not serve at the wish of the people, they?re not
democratically elected, they don?t serve any limited term. They essentially
answer to no one, except their own boards, and most corporate CEOs actually
run their boards, rather than the other way around. And they are the power
behind this. 

And so, if we want to turn this around, we have to impact them very
strongly, which means that we have to change the corporations, which is
their power base. And what I feel very strongly is that today corporations
exists for the primary purpose of making large profits, making a few very
rich people a lot richer on a quarterly basis, on a daily basis, on a very
short-term basis. That shouldn't be. There is no reason for that to be. 

Corporations have been defined as individuals. Individuals have to be good
citizens. Corporations need to be good citizens. They need to take -- their
primary goal must be to take care of their employees, their customers and
all the people around the world who provide the resources that go into
making this world run, and to take care of the environments and the
communities where those people live. 

We must get the corporations to redefine themselves, and I think it?s very
realistic that we can do so. Every corporate executive out there is smart
enough to realize that he?s running a very failed system. As an economist,
as a rational person, nobody can conclude anything otherwise. If you look
at the fact that less than 5% of the world's population live in the United
States and we consume more than 25% of the world's resources and create
over 30% of its major pollution, you can only conclude that we?ve created a
very flawed and failed system. This is not a model that can be sold to the
Chinese or the Indians or the Africans or the Middle Easterners or the
Latin Americans. We can?t even continue with it ourselves. It has to
change. And corporate executives know that. They?re smart individuals. I
believe that they want to see change. 

And when we have really pushed them to change, we?ve been extremely
successful. For example, we?ve got them to clean up rivers that were
terribly polluted in the 1970s in this country. We got them to get rid of
the aerosol cans that were destroying the ozone layer. We got them to
change their policies toward hiring and promoting minorities and women.
We?ve gotten them to put seatbelts in cars and airbags, against their
initial resistance. We?ve got them to change tremendously in any specific
area where we?ve set out to do that. 

Now, it behooves us, we must convince them that their corporations need to
be institutions to make this a better world, rather than institutions that
serve a few very rich people and their goal is to make those people even
richer. We need to turn this around. We must. 

AMY GOODMAN: I want to ask one last quick question on Ecuador, and that is
the death of Ecuador?s Defense Minister Guadalupe Larriva, who died in a
helicopter crash last year near the Manta US Air Base installation. Do you
know anything about that? 

JOHN PERKINS: Well, yeah. I just came from Ecuador, and everybody is
talking about it, because the same thing happened to Jaime Roldos?s
minister of defense before he was assassinated. And the fact that it
happened next to the US air base in Manta and it was a freak crash, two
helicopters collidng, the similarities between what happened to Jaime
Roldos, people all through Ecuador are saying this was a warning to Rafael
Correa, the new president of Ecuador. 

AMY GOODMAN: We?re going to have to leave it there. John Perkins, thanks
for joining us. John Perkins?s new book is called The Secret History of the
American Empire: Economic Hit Men, Jackals and the Truth about Global
Corruption. 





 
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