[A-List] So Much for "Dematerialization": Environmental Implications Of The IT Revolution

["John Gulick" <john_gulick@xxxxxxxxxxx>]

The Three-And-A-Half Pound Microchip: Environmental Implications Of The IT
Revolution

Microchips may be small, but their impact on our world has been huge. And
this impact goes beyond the obvious effects of e-mail, cell phones and
electronic organizers: A new study shows that the "environmental weight" of
microchips far exceeds their small size.

Scientists have estimated that producing a single two-gram chip ? the tiny
wafer used for memory in personal computers ? requires at least 3.7 pounds
of fossil fuel and chemical inputs. The findings were reported Oct. 25 on
the Web site of Environmental Science & Technology, a peer-reviewed journal
of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
The print version of the paper is scheduled for the Dec. 15 edition of the
journal.

"The public needs to be aware that the technology is not free; the
environmental footprint of the device is much more substantial than its
small physical size would suggest," says Eric Williams, Ph.D., of United
Nations University in Tokyo, Japan. Williams is the lead author of the paper
and director of a project investigating the environmental implications of
the Information Technology revolution.
The results have crucial implications for the debate on dematerialization ?
the concept that technological progress should lead to radical reductions in
the amount of materials and energy required to produce goods. The microchip
is often seen as the prime example of dematerialization because of its high
value and small size, but the new findings suggest this might not be the
case.

The researchers performed a life cycle assessment of one 32-megabyte DRAM
chip, tracing it through every level of production, from raw materials to
the final product. In doing so, they estimated the total energy, fossil
fuels and chemicals consumed in production processes. Fossil fuel use
correlates with carbon dioxide emissions, and chemical use is suggestive of
potential pollution impacts on local air, water and soil.

Each chip required 3.5 pounds of fossil fuels, 0.16 pounds of chemicals,
70.5 pounds of water and 1.5 pounds of elemental gases (mainly nitrogen).

When compared to more traditional products, such as the automobile, the
microchip's inordinate energy requirements become stark. Manufacturing one
passenger car requires more than 3,300 pounds of fossil fuel ? a great deal
more than one microchip. A car, however, also weighs much more than a
microchip. An illustrative figure is the ratio of fossil fuel and chemical
inputs to the weight of the final product, excluding energy from the use
phase (i.e., gasoline to run a car or electricity to run a computer). This
ratio is about 2-to-1 for a car. For a microchip, it is about 630-to-1.

The rapid turnover of computer technology ? making yesterday's pinnacle of
desktop power obsolete today ? also contributes to the environmental impact
of the industry. If you buy five new computers over a period of 10 years,
Williams says, the total energy to produce those computers would be 28
giga-joules (the unit of energy in the metric system). If you buy just one
car during that same time period, the total energy would be 46 giga-joules.
"The automobile energy is still higher," Williams says, "but the two are not
so far apart, which is rather counter-intuitive given how much larger the
automobile is."
The reason for the disparity in energy intensity is entropy ? a measure of
the amount of disorder in a system. Microchips and other high-tech goods are
extremely low-entropy, highly organized forms of matter. And since they are
manufactured from high-entropy starting materials, like quartz, it only
makes sense that their fabrication would require large investments of
energy, the researchers say. Producing silicon wafers from quartz uses 160
times the energy required to produce regular silicon, a material of much
higher entropy.

"I think there is a general trend toward lower entropy of goods overall,"
Williams says. This could imply a continual increase in energy and chemical
use as industry produces more high-tech, highly organized products. But it
is not clear yet how much this high energy impact is offset by savings from
increases in processing efficiency, Williams cautions. He stresses that
further research is essential, but, "It sends a clear signal that energy use
in purification and processing of high-tech materials is much more important
than generally perceived."

Other collaborators on the paper were Robert U. Ayres of INSEAD in
Fontainebleau, France, and Miriam Heller of the National Science Foundation
in Arlington, Va. The research was funded by the Japan Foundation-Center for
Global Partnership, the Takeda Foundation, the United Nations
University/Institute of Advanced Studies and the Fulbright Foundation.

ScienceDaily Magazine
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/11/021106074701.htm


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